Story of General Zhao Zilong (Zhao Yun) in Romance of Three Kingdom
ZhaoYun is General of Shu Han Dynasty
Born (Unknown)
Died 229[1]
Names
Traditional Chinese 趙雲
Simplified Chinese 赵云
Pinyin Zhào Yún
Wade–Giles Chao Yun
Courtesy name Zilong (simplified Chinese: 子龙; traditional Chinese: 子龍; pinyin: Zǐlóng; Wade–Giles: Tzu-lung)
Posthumous name Marquis Shunping (simplified Chinese: 顺平侯; traditional Chinese: 順平侯; pinyin: Shùnpíng Hóu)
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhao.
Born (Unknown)
Died 229[1]
Names
Traditional Chinese 趙雲
Simplified Chinese 赵云
Pinyin Zhào Yún
Wade–Giles Chao Yun
Courtesy name Zilong (simplified Chinese: 子龙; traditional Chinese: 子龍; pinyin: Zǐlóng; Wade–Giles: Tzu-lung)
Posthumous name Marquis Shunping (simplified Chinese: 顺平侯; traditional Chinese: 順平侯; pinyin: Shùnpíng Hóu)
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhao.
Zhao Yun (died 229[1]), courtesy name Zilong, was a military general who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun later came to serve another warlord, Liu Bei, and had since accompanied him on most of his military exploits, from the Battle of Changban (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217–219). He continued serving in the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei in 221 – in the Three Kingdoms period and participated in the first of the Northern Expeditions until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear due to limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life had been dramatised or exaggerated in folklore and fiction, most notably in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which he was lauded as a member of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.
Historical sources on Zhao Yun's life
Zhao Yun's original biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), written by Chen Shou in the third century CE, is only 346 Chinese characters long. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi added annotations from the Zhao Yun Biezhuan (趙雲別傳; Unofficial Biography of Zhao Yun) to Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, providing a relatively clearer, though still incomplete picture of Zhao's life.
Early career under Gongsun Zan
Zhao Yun displays valour in front of Gongsun Zan, an illustration from a Qing dynasty edition of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Zhao Yun was from Zhending County (真定縣), Changshan Commandery (常山郡), which is located south of present-day Zhengding County, Hebei.[2] The Zhao Yun Biezhuan described his physical appearance as such: eight chi tall (approximately 1.85 metres), with majestic and impressive looks.[3]
Zhao Yun was from Zhending County (真定縣), Changshan Commandery (常山郡), which is located south of present-day Zhengding County, Hebei.[2] The Zhao Yun Biezhuan described his physical appearance as such: eight chi tall (approximately 1.85 metres), with majestic and impressive looks.[3]
The chief administrative officer in Changshan recommended Zhao Yun to serve in the government. Zhao Yun then led a small group of volunteers to join Gongsun Zan, a warlord in You Province who was nominally a General of the Household (中郎將) under the Han central government. Around the time, another warlord Yuan Shao was recently appointed as the Governor (牧) of Ji Province and his fame was steadily rising, so Gongsun Zan was worried that many people in You Province would choose to serve under Yuan instead of him. When Zhao Yun came to join him, he mocked Zhao, "I heard that all those in your home province[a] wanted to serve the Yuans. Why did you have a change of heart, and decide to correct your mistake?" Zhao Yun replied, "The Empire is in a state of chaos and it's unclear who is right and who is wrong. The people are in danger. Those in my home province, after careful deliberation, decided to follow a lord who practises benevolent governance. Therefore, I chose to join you, General, instead of Lord Yuan." He participated in some of Gongsun Zan's battles against rival forces.[4]
Around the early 190s, Liu Bei was taking shelter under Gongsun Zan and he met Zhao Yun during that time. Zhao Yun became very close to Liu Bei and desired to switch his allegiance to Liu. When Gongsun Zan sent Liu Bei to assist his ally, Tian Kai, in a battle against Yuan Shao, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and served as a cavalry commander under Liu.[5] Later, when Zhao Yun received news of his elder brother's death, he asked for a temporary leave of absence from Gongsun Zan to attend his brother's funeral. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun would not return to Gongsun Zan after leaving, so he held Zhao's hand when he bidding him farewell. Before departing, Zhao Yun said, "I'll not forsake morality."[6]
Service under Liu Bei
Around 199, after Liu Bei lost Xu Province to his rival Cao Cao, he fled north and sought refuge under Yuan Shao, Cao Cao's rival. At the same time, Zhao Yun also came to Ye, the administrative centre of Yuan Shao's territories, where he met Liu Bei again. Zhao Yun and Liu Bei shared the same room during their stay in Ye. Liu Bei secretly ordered Zhao Yun to help him recruit hundreds of men who were willing to follow him, and they claimed to be soldiers serving under the General of the Left (左將軍).[b] Yuan Shao was not aware of this. Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao and travelled south to Jing Province to join Liu Biao, the provincial governor. Zhao Yun accompanied him.[7]
Battle of Bowang
Main article: Battle of Bowang
In 202, when Cao Cao was away on campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao's sons and their allies, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao's territories in central China. Cao Cao sent his general Xiahou Dun and others to lead an army to resist Liu Bei, leading to the Battle of Bowang. Xiahou Dun lost the battle after falling into Liu Bei's ambush, but Liu also withdrew his forces upon seeing the arrival of Xiahou's reinforcements. During the battle, Zhao Yun captured an enemy officer, Xiahou Lan (夏侯蘭), an old acquaintance who was also from the same hometown as him. Zhao Yun requested that Liu Bei spare Xiahou Lan's life and recommended Xiahou to serve as a military judge because he knew that Xiahou was proficient in law. However, he never maintained any close relationship with Xiahou Lan. Chen Shou commented that this incident showed that Zhao Yun was conscientious and careful.[8]
Main article: Battle of Bowang
In 202, when Cao Cao was away on campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao's sons and their allies, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao's territories in central China. Cao Cao sent his general Xiahou Dun and others to lead an army to resist Liu Bei, leading to the Battle of Bowang. Xiahou Dun lost the battle after falling into Liu Bei's ambush, but Liu also withdrew his forces upon seeing the arrival of Xiahou's reinforcements. During the battle, Zhao Yun captured an enemy officer, Xiahou Lan (夏侯蘭), an old acquaintance who was also from the same hometown as him. Zhao Yun requested that Liu Bei spare Xiahou Lan's life and recommended Xiahou to serve as a military judge because he knew that Xiahou was proficient in law. However, he never maintained any close relationship with Xiahou Lan. Chen Shou commented that this incident showed that Zhao Yun was conscientious and careful.[8]
Battle of Changban
Main article: Battle of Changban
Main article: Battle of Changban
A mural depicting Zhao Yun at the Battle of Changban inside the Long Corridor at the Summer Palace in Beijing. The rider in white is Zhao Yun.
After Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son, Liu Cong, succeeded him as the Governor of Jing Province. When Cao Cao launched a campaign later that year to eliminate opposing forces in southern China, Liu Cong voluntarily surrendered and yielded Jing Province to Cao Cao. Liu Bei and his followers headed further south towards Xiakou (夏口; present-day Hankou, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and was independent of Cao Cao's control.
After Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son, Liu Cong, succeeded him as the Governor of Jing Province. When Cao Cao launched a campaign later that year to eliminate opposing forces in southern China, Liu Cong voluntarily surrendered and yielded Jing Province to Cao Cao. Liu Bei and his followers headed further south towards Xiakou (夏口; present-day Hankou, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and was independent of Cao Cao's control.
Cao Cao sent 5,000 riders to pursue Liu Bei and they caught up with him at Changban (長阪) near Dangyang, resulting in the Battle of Changban. Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled.[9] Zhao Yun carried Liu Bei's young son Liu Shan and protected Liu Bei's wife Lady Gan (Liu Shan's mother) during the battle and eventually delivered them to safety. He was promoted to a General of the Standard (牙門將軍) for his efforts.[10]
Earlier on, after his defeat at the Battle of Changban, Liu Bei heard rumours that Zhao Yun had betrayed him and headed north to join Cao Cao. He refused to believe the rumours, threw a short ji to the ground, and said, "Zilong will never desert me." He was right as Zhao Yun returned to him a short while later.[11]
Guarding Jing Province
Between late 208 and 209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with the southern warlord Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs and the subsequent Battle of Jiangling. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeats and southern Jing Province came under Liu Bei's control.
Between late 208 and 209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with the southern warlord Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs and the subsequent Battle of Jiangling. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeats and southern Jing Province came under Liu Bei's control.
Zhao Yun assisted Liu Bei in the pacification of the territories in southern Jing Province and was promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) for his efforts. He was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Guiyang Commandery (桂陽郡; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan), replacing Zhao Fan. Zhao Fan had a widowed elder sister-in-law who was known for her beauty, and he wanted to arrange for a marriage between her and Zhao Yun. However, Zhao Yun declined, "I share the same family name as you. Your elder brother is also like an elder brother to me." There were some people who urged Zhao Yun to accept the marriage, but he said, "Zhao Fan was forced to surrender, so his intentions are unclear. There're so many other women in this world." Not long later, Zhao Fan escaped, and Zhao Yun was able to avoid any association with him because he did not agree to the marriage.[12]
Around 212, Liu Bei led an army west into Yi Province (益州; covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. Zhao Yun was appointed as a Major (司馬) of the reserve camp and he remained behind to guard Jing Province.[13] Sometime in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun. Lady Sun also remained in Jing Province when Liu Bei left. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she often allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly too. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun was a serious and orderly person, so he put Zhao in charge of internal affairs in Jing Province when he was away. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to fetch his sister back to Jiangdong. Lady Sun attempted to bring Liu Bei's son Liu Shan along with her, but Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei led their men to stop her and retrieved Liu Shan.[14]
Conquest of Yi Province
Main article: Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province
Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friendly towards each other in the beginning, but tensions between them gradually increased until the point of armed conflict in 213. Liu Bei was initially stationed at Jiameng Pass (葭萌關), where he was helping Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu. However, he turned against Liu Zhang later and attacked him. He ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[15]
Main article: Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province
Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friendly towards each other in the beginning, but tensions between them gradually increased until the point of armed conflict in 213. Liu Bei was initially stationed at Jiameng Pass (葭萌關), where he was helping Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu. However, he turned against Liu Zhang later and attacked him. He ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.[15]
The reinforcements marched along the Yangtze River and pacified the commanderies and counties in the surrounding areas. When they reached Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Chongqing), Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to lead a separate force to attack Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Neijiang, Sichuan) and take an alternate route, and later rendezvous with Liu Bei and the other armies outside Yi Province's capital, Chengdu. In 215, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered, concluding Liu Bei's successful takeover of Yi Province. Zhao Yun was appointed as General of the Assisting Army (翊軍將軍).[16]
After taking over Yi Province, Liu Bei held a discussion on how to distribute the households in Chengdu and the fields outside the city among his followers because he wanted to reward them for their efforts in the campaign. Zhao Yun objected, "In the past, Huo Qubing said that there was no home until the Xiongnu had been eliminated. The enemies of the state in our time include not only the Xiongnu, so we shouldn't be complacent. Only when the Empire has been completely pacified and the people have reverted to their peaceful lives, can we truly enjoy ourselves. The war in Yi Province has just ended, so the people in the province should have their lands and homes returned to them. As of now, the people should be allowed to continue their livelihoods in peace, and later we can impose taxes and conscription on them. In this way, we will earn their favour and support." Liu Bei heeded Zhao Yun's advice.[17]
Battle of Han River Edit
Main article: Battle of Han River
In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway into Yi Province. Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong killed Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Mount Dingjun in 218-219.
Main article: Battle of Han River
In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway into Yi Province. Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong killed Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Mount Dingjun in 218-219.
Later, Huang Zhong heard that Cao Cao's forces were transporting food supplies to Beishan (北山), so he led a group of soldiers, including some of Zhao Yun's men, to seize the supplies. Huang Zhong did not return after a long time so Zhao Yun led tens of horsemen in search of Huang. Zhao Yun encountered Cao Cao's forces and engaged them in battle but was outnumbered and was forced to retreat back to his camp, with Cao Cao's men in pursuit. Zhang Yi, one of Zhao Yun's subordinates, wanted to close the gates to prevent the enemy from entering. However, Zhao Yun ordered the gates to be opened, all flags and banners to be hidden, and the war drums silenced. Cao Cao's forces thought that there was an ambush inside Zhao Yun's camp so they withdrew. Just then, Zhao Yun launched a counter-attack and his men beat the war drums loudly and fired arrows at the enemy. Cao Cao's soldiers were shocked and thrown into disarray. Some of them trampled on each other while fleeing in panic, and many of them fell into the Han River and drowned.[18]
The following day, Liu Bei came to inspect Zhao Yun's camp and survey the battlefield. He remarked, "Zilong is full of courage." He then threw a feast to celebrate Zhao Yun's victory and they made merry until nightfall. Zhao Yun was called "General of Tiger's Might" (虎威將軍) in Liu Bei's army.[19]
Battle of Xiaoting Edit
Further information: Battle of Xiaoting
In late 219, Sun Quan broke the alliance with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade and seize Jing Province, resulting in the capture and execution of Guan Yu. Cao Cao died in early 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi, who forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour later that year. Cao Pi ended the Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han, which was intended to be a continuation of the fallen Han dynasty. Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and became a nominal vassal of Wei, ruling under the Wei-granted title "King of Wu".[20]
Further information: Battle of Xiaoting
In late 219, Sun Quan broke the alliance with Liu Bei when he sent his general Lü Meng to invade and seize Jing Province, resulting in the capture and execution of Guan Yu. Cao Cao died in early 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi, who forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour later that year. Cao Pi ended the Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han, which was intended to be a continuation of the fallen Han dynasty. Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and became a nominal vassal of Wei, ruling under the Wei-granted title "King of Wu".[20]
Liu Bei bore a grudge against Sun Quan for the seizure of Jing Province and wanted to attack Sun. Zhao Yun attempted to dissuade him and said, "Cao Cao is the enemy of the state, not Sun Quan. We should eliminate Wei first, after which Wu will surrender by itself. Cao Cao is already dead but his son Cao Pi has usurped the throne. You should follow the wishes of the masses by conquering Guanzhong and then attack the treacherous enemy via the Wei River. People of righteousness situated east of Hangu Pass will certainly welcome your army with grain and horses. You shouldn't ignore Wei for the moment and wage war against Wu first. Once the war has started, it can't be stopped."[21]
Liu Bei refused to accept Zhao Yun's advice and proceeded with the campaign and left Zhao Yun behind to guard Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Chongqing). He was defeated by the Wu forces at Zigui (秭歸; present-day Zigui County, Hubei) at the Battle of Xiaoting and was forced to retreat back to Shu. Zhao Yun led troops from Jiangzhou to Yong'an (永安; present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) to help his lord, after which the Wu forces gave up on pursuing Liu Bei.[22]
Service under Liu Shan
Appraisal Edit
Chen Shou, who wrote Zhao Yun's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on Zhao as follows: "Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were fierce and mighty warriors, just like claws and teeth. Were they the successors to Guan Ying (灌嬰) and the Duke of Teng?"[32]
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
In popular culture
Mask of Zhao Yun used in folk opera
Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun was already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, as folktales about his exploits have been passed down through centuries. He became a household name due to the popularity of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun was already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, as folktales about his exploits have been passed down through centuries. He became a household name due to the popularity of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Religion
Zhao Yun sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Chao.
Zhao Yun sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Chao.
Folklore
There is a Chinese folktale about Zhao Yun's death which is not mentioned in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this story, Zhao Yun had never been wounded in battle before so there were no scars on his body. One day, while he was taking a bath, his wife pricked him with a sewing needle out of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed profusely and eventually died of shock.[33]
There is a Chinese folktale about Zhao Yun's death which is not mentioned in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In this story, Zhao Yun had never been wounded in battle before so there were no scars on his body. One day, while he was taking a bath, his wife pricked him with a sewing needle out of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed profusely and eventually died of shock.[33]
Film and television Edit
The 2008 Hong Kong film Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun portrayed Zhao Yun in John Woo's Red Cliff, a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs.
The 2008 Hong Kong film Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun portrayed Zhao Yun in John Woo's Red Cliff, a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs.
Notable actors who have portrayed Zhao Yun in television series include: Zhang Shan, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Nie Yuan, in Three Kingdoms (2010), Benji Wang in K.O.3an Guo (2010), and Lin Gengxin in God of War, Zhao Yun (2016).
维基百科，自由的百科全书
趙雲 中護軍
赵云 鎮東將軍、永昌亭侯
國家 東漢→蜀漢
時代 三國
主君 公孫瓚→劉備→劉禪
姓 趙 名 雲 字 子龍
封爵 永昌亭侯
封地 永昌亭
出身地 常山真定
其他名號 虎威將軍
出生 東漢 常山郡真定（今河北省石家庄正定）
逝世 蜀漢建興七年（229年）
諡號 順平侯
祠廟 子龍廟
趙雲 中護軍
赵云 鎮東將軍、永昌亭侯
國家 東漢→蜀漢
時代 三國
主君 公孫瓚→劉備→劉禪
姓 趙 名 雲 字 子龍
封爵 永昌亭侯
封地 永昌亭
出身地 常山真定
其他名號 虎威將軍
出生 東漢 常山郡真定（今河北省石家庄正定）
逝世 蜀漢建興七年（229年）
諡號 順平侯
祠廟 子龍廟
趙雲（168 －229年），字子龍，是中國三國時期的蜀漢名將，常山真定（今河北省正定县）人，身高八尺，姿顏雄偉，陈寿在撰写《三国志》的时候，将赵云与关羽、张飞、马超、黄忠的事迹合记成《三国志·蜀书·关张马黄赵传》，罗贯中的長篇小說《三国演义》中又将該五人并称“五虎上将”，广为世人所知。
人生经历 - 欲求仁主
初平二年（191年），諸侯互相征戰，當時公孫瓚之弟公孫越因助袁術與孫堅一同攻打周昂，為流矢所中而死。公孫瓚以其弟被殺，將此事歸罪於袁紹，於是屯兵槃河並上书朝廷細數袁紹的十項罪狀，號召諸州郡共同討伐袁紹，常山郡經過商議之後一致推舉趙雲，率領該郡義軍去投奔公孫瓚。
當時韓馥將冀州讓給袁紹，袁紹乃領冀州牧，袁氏四世三公，聲名遠播，公孫瓚正在擔憂該州的人都會投奔袁紹，因此贊許赵云的行為。公孫瓚揶揄說趙雲：「聽說冀州的人都欲依附袁紹，為何你獨與他們不同，難道是迷而知返嗎?」
趙雲回答說：「天下大亂，未知誰是明主，民有倒懸之危，鄙州議論，要投奔仁政之所在，因此我不投袁紹而投將軍。」趙雲自此隨公孫瓚四處征討。
當時，擔任高唐令的劉備被賊兵襲擊，失去了駐地之後，亦來依附公孫瓚。公孫瓚與袁紹交戰，派遣青州刺史田楷佔據山東附近的土地，袁紹亦派數萬大軍前來爭地，公孫瓚便上表將劉備提升為別部司馬，並派劉備前去幫助田楷抵抗袁紹，趙雲此時便隨劉備軍出征，執掌著劉備軍中的騎兵[2]。兩人合作之後，互相都留下好印象，劉備一直對趙雲很好，趙雲亦有心依託劉備。
後來，趙雲為哥哥向公孫瓚請假回鄉服喪。劉備知道他此去便不會再回到公孫瓚身邊，因此握著趙雲的手不捨分別。趙雲向劉備辭別說：「终不背德也。」
建安五年（200年），劉備被曹操打敗之後前去依附袁紹。趙雲在鄴城和劉備相認。劉備和趙雲感情好至同床眠臥，期間密遣趙雲招募數百名士兵，對外都宣稱是左將軍劉備部曲，袁紹也不知道。趙雲從此便追隨劉備，後來並隨他至荊州。
初平二年（191年），諸侯互相征戰，當時公孫瓚之弟公孫越因助袁術與孫堅一同攻打周昂，為流矢所中而死。公孫瓚以其弟被殺，將此事歸罪於袁紹，於是屯兵槃河並上书朝廷細數袁紹的十項罪狀，號召諸州郡共同討伐袁紹，常山郡經過商議之後一致推舉趙雲，率領該郡義軍去投奔公孫瓚。
當時韓馥將冀州讓給袁紹，袁紹乃領冀州牧，袁氏四世三公，聲名遠播，公孫瓚正在擔憂該州的人都會投奔袁紹，因此贊許赵云的行為。公孫瓚揶揄說趙雲：「聽說冀州的人都欲依附袁紹，為何你獨與他們不同，難道是迷而知返嗎?」
趙雲回答說：「天下大亂，未知誰是明主，民有倒懸之危，鄙州議論，要投奔仁政之所在，因此我不投袁紹而投將軍。」趙雲自此隨公孫瓚四處征討。
當時，擔任高唐令的劉備被賊兵襲擊，失去了駐地之後，亦來依附公孫瓚。公孫瓚與袁紹交戰，派遣青州刺史田楷佔據山東附近的土地，袁紹亦派數萬大軍前來爭地，公孫瓚便上表將劉備提升為別部司馬，並派劉備前去幫助田楷抵抗袁紹，趙雲此時便隨劉備軍出征，執掌著劉備軍中的騎兵[2]。兩人合作之後，互相都留下好印象，劉備一直對趙雲很好，趙雲亦有心依託劉備。
後來，趙雲為哥哥向公孫瓚請假回鄉服喪。劉備知道他此去便不會再回到公孫瓚身邊，因此握著趙雲的手不捨分別。趙雲向劉備辭別說：「终不背德也。」
建安五年（200年），劉備被曹操打敗之後前去依附袁紹。趙雲在鄴城和劉備相認。劉備和趙雲感情好至同床眠臥，期間密遣趙雲招募數百名士兵，對外都宣稱是左將軍劉備部曲，袁紹也不知道。趙雲從此便追隨劉備，後來並隨他至荊州。
平定荊州
参见：长坂坡之战
建安五年（200年），劉備投靠劉表，屯兵於新野，建安七年（202年），曹操便派夏侯惇、于禁領軍進攻劉備，雙方戰於博望。劉備以伏兵計擊破曹軍，在戰鬥中劉備軍生擒了敵將夏侯蘭，而趙雲與夏侯蘭是從小便是同鄉，知道夏侯蘭明於法律，因此為他向劉備請命，並推薦讓他成為軍正，而不將這位同鄉為自己所用，由此可看出趙雲謹慎的處事態度。
参见：长坂坡之战
建安五年（200年），劉備投靠劉表，屯兵於新野，建安七年（202年），曹操便派夏侯惇、于禁領軍進攻劉備，雙方戰於博望。劉備以伏兵計擊破曹軍，在戰鬥中劉備軍生擒了敵將夏侯蘭，而趙雲與夏侯蘭是從小便是同鄉，知道夏侯蘭明於法律，因此為他向劉備請命，並推薦讓他成為軍正，而不將這位同鄉為自己所用，由此可看出趙雲謹慎的處事態度。
趙雲救主於長阪坡圖
建安十三年（208年），曹操再次派遣大軍南攻，當時劉表剛死，其子劉琮繼位，派遣使者向曹操請降。劉備措手不及，於是率軍向南逃往江陵，但是劉備不願放棄自願跟隨他的人民，每天僅能行走十幾里，曹操便派輕騎兵快馬追趕，一天之中追襲了三百里，終於在當陽長阪附近追上了劉備。劉備便丟下妻兒，僅帶著數十騎向南逃逸。當時，有人對劉備說，趙雲向北投靠曹操去了。劉備聞言便用手戟打那告狀的人說：「子龍不會棄我而去。」不久之後，趙雲果然懷抱劉備的幼子劉禪，保護著劉備的妻子甘夫人，到劉備身邊。之後，劉備便任命趙雲為牙門將軍[3]。
赤壁之戰後，趙雲跟隨劉備平定荊州江南之地。劉備任命趙雲為偏將軍，並取代投降的趙範，兼任桂陽（今湖南郴縣）太守。趙範有一名寡嫂名為樊氏，有國色之貌，趙範欲將她許配給趙雲，意欲和趙雲結親。趙雲說：「我們是同姓，你的嫂子就像是我的嫂子一樣。」加以婉拒。有人勸趙雲接受，趙雲說：「趙範才剛投降，心意還未知。何況天下女子不少。」堅持不結這門親事。後來趙範叛逃時，趙雲沒有受到任何牽連。
建安十三年（208年），曹操再次派遣大軍南攻，當時劉表剛死，其子劉琮繼位，派遣使者向曹操請降。劉備措手不及，於是率軍向南逃往江陵，但是劉備不願放棄自願跟隨他的人民，每天僅能行走十幾里，曹操便派輕騎兵快馬追趕，一天之中追襲了三百里，終於在當陽長阪附近追上了劉備。劉備便丟下妻兒，僅帶著數十騎向南逃逸。當時，有人對劉備說，趙雲向北投靠曹操去了。劉備聞言便用手戟打那告狀的人說：「子龍不會棄我而去。」不久之後，趙雲果然懷抱劉備的幼子劉禪，保護著劉備的妻子甘夫人，到劉備身邊。之後，劉備便任命趙雲為牙門將軍[3]。
赤壁之戰後，趙雲跟隨劉備平定荊州江南之地。劉備任命趙雲為偏將軍，並取代投降的趙範，兼任桂陽（今湖南郴縣）太守。趙範有一名寡嫂名為樊氏，有國色之貌，趙範欲將她許配給趙雲，意欲和趙雲結親。趙雲說：「我們是同姓，你的嫂子就像是我的嫂子一樣。」加以婉拒。有人勸趙雲接受，趙雲說：「趙範才剛投降，心意還未知。何況天下女子不少。」堅持不結這門親事。後來趙範叛逃時，趙雲沒有受到任何牽連。
留守荆州
建安十四年（209年），在平定荊南四郡，又得到原屬劉表的部曲萬人之後，劉備成為荊州牧，聲勢漸大，孫權乃建議雙方結親，劉備便娶了其妹孫夫人。兩年之後益州牧劉璋為防備曹操勢力乃向劉備求援，劉備便領兵三萬入益州，留諸葛亮、關羽、張飛、赵云等人留守荊州，並任命赵雲為留營司馬。
劉備出征之後，孫夫人開始放縱驕傲，放任她從東吳帶來的侍衛和官吏，多有不法的行為。劉備知道消息之後，認為趙雲為人威嚴、態度慎重，一定能加以整頓，因此特別命趙雲掌管內事。
孫權聽說劉備西征益州之後，便派了大批舟船欲接孫夫人回去，並叫她帶劉禪一起歸吳。幸得趙雲與張飛一起帶兵在長江截住東吳船隊，並成功奪回劉禪，亦即著名的「趙雲截江奪阿斗」。
建安十四年（209年），在平定荊南四郡，又得到原屬劉表的部曲萬人之後，劉備成為荊州牧，聲勢漸大，孫權乃建議雙方結親，劉備便娶了其妹孫夫人。兩年之後益州牧劉璋為防備曹操勢力乃向劉備求援，劉備便領兵三萬入益州，留諸葛亮、關羽、張飛、赵云等人留守荊州，並任命赵雲為留營司馬。
劉備出征之後，孫夫人開始放縱驕傲，放任她從東吳帶來的侍衛和官吏，多有不法的行為。劉備知道消息之後，認為趙雲為人威嚴、態度慎重，一定能加以整頓，因此特別命趙雲掌管內事。
孫權聽說劉備西征益州之後，便派了大批舟船欲接孫夫人回去，並叫她帶劉禪一起歸吳。幸得趙雲與張飛一起帶兵在長江截住東吳船隊，並成功奪回劉禪，亦即著名的「趙雲截江奪阿斗」。
攻取益州
建安十七年（212年），劉備與劉璋決裂，從葭萌進攻劉璋勢力，並召諸葛亮率軍入蜀。
諸葛亮率領趙雲與張飛溯江西上，一路平定郡縣，直到江州（今重慶），然後兵分兩路，諸葛亮、張飛走北路，趙雲則另領一軍走南路，從外水沿長江而上進至江陽（今四川瀘州）、犍為，最後在成都會合。劉備攻下成都之後，任命趙雲為翊軍將軍。
劉備平定益州之後，有議論勸劉備將成都城中房舍及城外園地桑田分賜給諸將。趙雲反駁說：「從前霍去病曾說匈奴未滅，無用家為，何況現在國賊不只像匈奴只有一個，還不到可以安定下來的時候，必須等到天下的亂賊都平定之後，才可讓眾人返回家鄉去種植桑梓，回歸故土去耕作田地，這樣才是正道。益州的人民是第一次遭遇到戰爭，應該將田宅房產歸還給百姓，先讓他們安居樂業，然後才能叫他們服兵役，納錢糧，也才能得到益州的民心。」劉備便聽從趙雲的建議。
建安十七年（212年），劉備與劉璋決裂，從葭萌進攻劉璋勢力，並召諸葛亮率軍入蜀。
諸葛亮率領趙雲與張飛溯江西上，一路平定郡縣，直到江州（今重慶），然後兵分兩路，諸葛亮、張飛走北路，趙雲則另領一軍走南路，從外水沿長江而上進至江陽（今四川瀘州）、犍為，最後在成都會合。劉備攻下成都之後，任命趙雲為翊軍將軍。
劉備平定益州之後，有議論勸劉備將成都城中房舍及城外園地桑田分賜給諸將。趙雲反駁說：「從前霍去病曾說匈奴未滅，無用家為，何況現在國賊不只像匈奴只有一個，還不到可以安定下來的時候，必須等到天下的亂賊都平定之後，才可讓眾人返回家鄉去種植桑梓，回歸故土去耕作田地，這樣才是正道。益州的人民是第一次遭遇到戰爭，應該將田宅房產歸還給百姓，先讓他們安居樂業，然後才能叫他們服兵役，納錢糧，也才能得到益州的民心。」劉備便聽從趙雲的建議。
汉水之战 参见：漢中之战
成都武侯祠中的赵云塑像
建安二十三年（218年），劉備率軍進攻漢中，次年黃忠在定軍山打敗夏侯淵，斬其首，於是曹操親自率領大軍來爭奪漢中，並先運大量的軍糧到北山下，有數千萬袋，黃忠認為可趁機奪取這些軍糧，便領軍出擊，當時趙雲屬下的士兵也隨著黃忠一起出擊。
但是黃忠的軍隊過了約定的時間之後仍未回來，擔心的趙雲便帶著數十騎的小部隊出了兵營的圍柵，查看黃忠等人的情況。結果，正好碰上曹操派出的大軍，趙雲遭到曹軍先鋒部隊的攻擊，趙雲才剛和敵人交手，敵人的大軍已來到面前，聲勢逼人。
趙雲便一次又一次地的突擊曹軍士兵的陣列，且戰且退。曹軍雖然被趙雲擊散，但是仍憑藉數量優勢將趙雲包圍起來，趙雲便突圍並退入蜀軍的圍柵內，此時部將張著受傷，又被曹軍包圍，趙雲又一次馳馬突擊曹軍，並救出張著，將他帶回圍柵內。此時曹軍已追至蜀軍的圍柵，沔陽長張翼正在防守圍柵，見曹操大軍殺到，便欲閉門拒守。趙雲進入主營之後，卻下令大開柵門，然後令蜀軍偃旗息鼓。
曹軍見此情況，懷疑趙雲設有伏兵，便向後退卻。此時趙雲下令打響戰鼓，鼓聲震天，又令蜀軍以弩箭射向曹軍，曹軍為之驚駭，自相蹂踐，墜入漢水中淹死者甚多。次日劉備親自來到趙雲兵營察看昨日戰鬥之處，讚歎說：「子龍一身都是膽也！」於是飲宴直到黃昏，軍中號趙雲為「虎威將軍」（非將軍名，只是外號）。
成都武侯祠中的赵云塑像
建安二十三年（218年），劉備率軍進攻漢中，次年黃忠在定軍山打敗夏侯淵，斬其首，於是曹操親自率領大軍來爭奪漢中，並先運大量的軍糧到北山下，有數千萬袋，黃忠認為可趁機奪取這些軍糧，便領軍出擊，當時趙雲屬下的士兵也隨著黃忠一起出擊。
但是黃忠的軍隊過了約定的時間之後仍未回來，擔心的趙雲便帶著數十騎的小部隊出了兵營的圍柵，查看黃忠等人的情況。結果，正好碰上曹操派出的大軍，趙雲遭到曹軍先鋒部隊的攻擊，趙雲才剛和敵人交手，敵人的大軍已來到面前，聲勢逼人。
趙雲便一次又一次地的突擊曹軍士兵的陣列，且戰且退。曹軍雖然被趙雲擊散，但是仍憑藉數量優勢將趙雲包圍起來，趙雲便突圍並退入蜀軍的圍柵內，此時部將張著受傷，又被曹軍包圍，趙雲又一次馳馬突擊曹軍，並救出張著，將他帶回圍柵內。此時曹軍已追至蜀軍的圍柵，沔陽長張翼正在防守圍柵，見曹操大軍殺到，便欲閉門拒守。趙雲進入主營之後，卻下令大開柵門，然後令蜀軍偃旗息鼓。
曹軍見此情況，懷疑趙雲設有伏兵，便向後退卻。此時趙雲下令打響戰鼓，鼓聲震天，又令蜀軍以弩箭射向曹軍，曹軍為之驚駭，自相蹂踐，墜入漢水中淹死者甚多。次日劉備親自來到趙雲兵營察看昨日戰鬥之處，讚歎說：「子龍一身都是膽也！」於是飲宴直到黃昏，軍中號趙雲為「虎威將軍」（非將軍名，只是外號）。
諫东征
章武元年（221年），劉備稱帝，欲進攻東吳，以報孫權伐取荊州之仇，趙雲上諫說：「國賊是曹操，並不是孫權，而且滅了魏國之後，吳國自然會臣服。雖然曹操斃命，但其子曹丕篡盜大位，引起公憤，應該利用此民氣，先攻佔關中，佔據黃河、渭水上游以討伐逆賊，那麼關東義士必裹糧策馬以迎王師。不該放置魏國，反而先打吳國。而且與吳國的戰爭一旦開始，就不易停止了。」[6]但憤怒的劉備不聽諫言，執意東征，並留趙雲都督江州。
章武二年（222年），劉備東征大軍與吳軍於猇亭爆發猇亭之戰，劉備大敗，由秭歸逃回永安（今四川奉節），趙雲乃進軍至永安以保衛先主，而吳軍已退卻。
章武元年（221年），劉備稱帝，欲進攻東吳，以報孫權伐取荊州之仇，趙雲上諫說：「國賊是曹操，並不是孫權，而且滅了魏國之後，吳國自然會臣服。雖然曹操斃命，但其子曹丕篡盜大位，引起公憤，應該利用此民氣，先攻佔關中，佔據黃河、渭水上游以討伐逆賊，那麼關東義士必裹糧策馬以迎王師。不該放置魏國，反而先打吳國。而且與吳國的戰爭一旦開始，就不易停止了。」[6]但憤怒的劉備不聽諫言，執意東征，並留趙雲都督江州。
章武二年（222年），劉備東征大軍與吳軍於猇亭爆發猇亭之戰，劉備大敗，由秭歸逃回永安（今四川奉節），趙雲乃進軍至永安以保衛先主，而吳軍已退卻。
北伐
建興元年（223年），後主劉禪繼位，因趙雲此時於永安防衛東吳，故將趙雲為中護軍，征南將軍遷鎮東將軍，並封為永昌亭侯[7]。建興五年（227年），在平定南中並和東吳結盟之後，諸葛亮率領諸將進駐漢中準備北伐，趙雲亦轉駐漢中。
次年，諸葛亮出兵北伐，宣稱將由斜谷道取郿，並令趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，佔據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真率領大軍反擊，諸葛亮下令趙雲、鄧芝在斜谷道阻擋曹軍，自己率領蜀軍主力進攻祁山。然而趙雲、鄧芝的疑軍兵弱敵強，失利於箕谷，但兩人仍斂攏敗軍固守，一戍赤崖口，一戍赤崖屯田，意在持續牽制曹真所轄大軍於箕谷使其不得西顧。不料蜀軍街亭大敗，祁山一路主力蜀軍退軍。箕谷魏軍聞訊開始全力進攻，趙雲乃親自斷後，又燒燬棧道，阻止曹軍的追擊，因此軍需和人員的損失都不大。
原來，蜀軍主力因其督軍馬謖違背諸葛亮的指示，舉動失宜，被魏將張郃大敗於街亭，諸葛亮只好退兵，此次北伐以失敗告終，諸葛亮引疚上表自貶三級，趙雲亦自請貶為鎮軍將軍。
當蜀軍退兵時，諸葛亮曾驚訝地說：「街亭退兵時，我軍編制皆混亂成一團，箕谷退兵，編制整齊一如出軍之時，這是何故? 」鄧芝回答說：「趙將軍親自斷後，因此軍需沒有遺失，人員無亂，編制整齊。」
當時趙雲軍中有多餘的絹布，諸葛亮下令分給將士。趙雲說：「我軍軍事失利，為何要賞賜呢？請將其物全部入赤岸府庫，在十月的時候再給眾人做冬衣。」諸葛亮因此大為稱讚。
建興元年（223年），後主劉禪繼位，因趙雲此時於永安防衛東吳，故將趙雲為中護軍，征南將軍遷鎮東將軍，並封為永昌亭侯[7]。建興五年（227年），在平定南中並和東吳結盟之後，諸葛亮率領諸將進駐漢中準備北伐，趙雲亦轉駐漢中。
次年，諸葛亮出兵北伐，宣稱將由斜谷道取郿，並令趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，佔據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真率領大軍反擊，諸葛亮下令趙雲、鄧芝在斜谷道阻擋曹軍，自己率領蜀軍主力進攻祁山。然而趙雲、鄧芝的疑軍兵弱敵強，失利於箕谷，但兩人仍斂攏敗軍固守，一戍赤崖口，一戍赤崖屯田，意在持續牽制曹真所轄大軍於箕谷使其不得西顧。不料蜀軍街亭大敗，祁山一路主力蜀軍退軍。箕谷魏軍聞訊開始全力進攻，趙雲乃親自斷後，又燒燬棧道，阻止曹軍的追擊，因此軍需和人員的損失都不大。
原來，蜀軍主力因其督軍馬謖違背諸葛亮的指示，舉動失宜，被魏將張郃大敗於街亭，諸葛亮只好退兵，此次北伐以失敗告終，諸葛亮引疚上表自貶三級，趙雲亦自請貶為鎮軍將軍。
當蜀軍退兵時，諸葛亮曾驚訝地說：「街亭退兵時，我軍編制皆混亂成一團，箕谷退兵，編制整齊一如出軍之時，這是何故? 」鄧芝回答說：「趙將軍親自斷後，因此軍需沒有遺失，人員無亂，編制整齊。」
當時趙雲軍中有多餘的絹布，諸葛亮下令分給將士。趙雲說：「我軍軍事失利，為何要賞賜呢？請將其物全部入赤岸府庫，在十月的時候再給眾人做冬衣。」諸葛亮因此大為稱讚。
逝世与追諡
建興七年（229年），趙雲逝世，後主於景耀四年（261年）追諡他為順平侯。
蜀漢初期少給諡號，劉備在位時只有法正有諡號。劉禪時，諸葛亮、蔣琬、費禕三位宰相、寵臣陳祗以及由魏國投誠的夏侯霸等人先後得到諡號，於是關羽、張飛、馬超、黃忠、龐統亦被追諡，時為景耀三年秋九月。後主劉禪念及曾受趙雲保護，又於隔年春三月追諡趙雲。當時的輿論認為這是很大的榮譽。
建興七年（229年），趙雲逝世，後主於景耀四年（261年）追諡他為順平侯。
蜀漢初期少給諡號，劉備在位時只有法正有諡號。劉禪時，諸葛亮、蔣琬、費禕三位宰相、寵臣陳祗以及由魏國投誠的夏侯霸等人先後得到諡號，於是關羽、張飛、馬超、黃忠、龐統亦被追諡，時為景耀三年秋九月。後主劉禪念及曾受趙雲保護，又於隔年春三月追諡趙雲。當時的輿論認為這是很大的榮譽。
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar